United Nations and organisations

 UNITED NATIONS AND ITS ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER BEGINS WITH TWO DIAGRAMS WHICH TELL US ABOUT THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF UN TO RESOLVE THE ISSUES OF LEBANON CRISIS (2006).

OPINION ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE UN

✓ It Regarded as the most important international organisation.

✓ It is indispensable and represent with great hope of humanity for peace and progress.

These suggest something important that is international organization are not answer to everything but yes they are important.....

How the international organizations helps?

1. Help with matters of war and peace

2. Help countries co-operate to make better living conditions for all of us.

3. It is a place where country's can discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solutions .

4. Disease global warming terrorism

WHY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION lIKE UN???

® IT IS A PLATEFORM TO DISCUSS AND RESOLVE CONTENTIOUS ISSUES AND FIND PEACEFUL SOLUTIONS.

® IN CASE WHERE JOINT EFFORTS IS REQUIRED, INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS CAN PROVIDE MECHANISMS, RULES AND BUREAUCRACY TO HELP COUNTRIES AND HAVE CONFIDENCE THAT COSTS WILL BE SHARED PROPERLY,

® THE BENEFITS WILL BE FAIRLY DIVIDED AND ONCE A MEMBER JOINS AN AGREEMENT IT WILL HONOUR THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE AGREEMENT.

® INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IS NOT THE SUPER STATE WITH AUTHORITY OVER ITS MEMBERS.  

® IT IS CREATED BY AND RESPONDS TO STAYS IT COMES INTO BEING WHEN STATE AGREES TO ITS CREATION ONCE CREATED IT CAN HELP MEMBER STATES TO RESOLVE THEI PROBLEMS PEACEFULLY.

..EVOLUTION OF UN-

The story begins from "League of nation"- 

League of nation (10 Jan 1920) formed after the first world war in 1919-20. Despite the initial success could not prevent the second World war (1939- 1945).

It was established in 1999 under the " TREATY OF VERSAILLES'".

With a motto to promote international cooperation and achieve peace and security.

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION WAS ALSO CREATED UNDER THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AS AN AFFILIATED AGENCY OF LEAGUE.

Unfortunately, the league of nation ceased its activities after failing to prevent the second world war.

After 2nd world war two nations emerged as super powers and many parts of world was ruined and faced massive destruction due to war. now the world needed peace.

HENCE, finally UN was formed as a successor to the league of nation , it was established immediately after second World war in 1945.

50 Countries gathered in SAN FRANCISCO in 1945 to sign a document known as the UN Charter which created and organization was called as UNITED NATIONS.

The charter was signed on 26th January 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries.

 Poland signed it later and became one of the original founding member i.e 51 member states. Finally the UN officially came into existence on 24th October 1945.

24TH October is celebrated as the UN day.

The United Nations coined by the then US President "Franklin D Roosevelt".

First used in the declaration by United nation of 1st January 1942 during second World war.

Original UN logon created by a team of designers in 1945- led by OLIVER LINCOLN LUNDQUIST

Official language of UN- ARABIC, CHINESE, ENGLISH, FRENCH, RUSSIAN, SPANISH.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY-

FOUNDING NATIONS- 51 COUNTRIES.

193 MEMBER COUNTRIES(192 TILL 2006). South suden (African country) last to join by making it 193 member(July 2011)

MAJOR DECISIONS ARE TAKEN BY 2/3RD MAJORITY.

EACH SATE HAS ONE VOTE

HQ- NEW YORK(USA)

PRESEIDENT- TIJANI MUHAMMAD BARDE

1ST SESSION WAS ON 10TH JAN 1946

VENUE- METHODIST CENTRAL HALL, LONDON.

MEETING TIME- SEPT OF EVERY YEAR

VIJAYA LAXMI PANDIT WAS THE 1ST WOMEN TO BE ELECTED AS A PRESIDENT OF THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY(1953-54)

FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY-

Unique forum for multilateral discussions.

Codification of international law.

Policy making and representative organs.

Promote humanitarian actions

Promote rule of law

Budgeting and elective powers

Sustainable development goals 2030(in 2015, 17 goals are decided in SDGS- to transform our world)

SECURITY COUNCIL-

REGARDED AS THE MOST POWERFUL CHAMBER.

LOCATION-NEW YORK

1ST SESSION- 17 JAN 1946 AT CHURCH HOUSE, WESTMINISTER LONDON

MEETING TIME- ANYTIME WHEN THE NEED ARISES.

SECURITY COUNCIL PRESIDENT- CHANGES EVERY MONTH ON ROTATION.

TOTAL MEMBERS- 15(5PERM+10 NON PER). PERMANENT MEMBERS- CHINA, FRANCE, RUSSIA, UK, USA.

NON PERMANENT MEMBERS ARE ELECTED FOR 2YEARS.

PERMANENT MEMBERS ENJOY VETO POWERS.

CHINA(4), FRANCE(18),RUSSIA(122),UK(32), USA(82)

FUCTIONS OF SECURITY COUNCIL-

TO MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY.

TO INVESTIGATE ANY INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

TO APPLY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS

TO TAKE MILITARY ACTION AGAINST AGGRESSOR.

TO RECOMMEND THE ADMISSION OF NEW MEMBERS

APPOINTMENT OF SECRETARY GENERAL TOGETHER WITH UN ASSEMBLY

TO ELECT THE JUDGES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE.

CRITICISMS OF SECURITY COUNCIL-

EQUALITY OF REPRESENATATION

LACK OF EFFECTIVENESS

POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC CRITICISM.

THE SECRETARIAT

THIS IS GENERALLY REGARDED AS EXECUTIVE ARMS AND LOCATED IN NEW YORK.

COMPRISES OF SECRETARY GENERAL AND TEN THOUSANDS INTERNATIONAL UN STAFF MEMBERS.

SECRETARY GENERAL(IS APPOINTED BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON PRIOR RECOMMENDATIONS OF SECURITY COUNCIL)- 

PRESENT SECRETARY GENERAL- ANTONIO GUTERRES.

TENURE- 5 YEARS+ RENEWABLE TERM.

ORGANIZED ALONG  DEPARTMENTAL LINES EACH DEPARTMENT OR OFFICE HAVE DISTINCT ACTION AND RESPONSIBILITY.

SOCIO ECONOMIC COUNCIL

HQ- NEW YORK

PRESIDENT- MONA JULL

MEETING TIME-, JULY(EVERY YEAR)

1ST SESSION-10TH JAN, 1946

VENUE- METHODIST CENTRAL HALL,LONDON

FOUNDING NATIONS- 51 COUNTRIES

REPRESENTATION-

AFRICAN STATES- 14

ASIA PACIFIC- 11

LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN STATES- 10

WESTERN EUROPEAN AND OTHER STATES-13

FUNCTIONS-

IT DEALS WITH ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND HEALTH MATTERS.

IT ALSO DEALS WITH HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOM.

UN’S LARGEST AND MOST COMPLEX SUBSIDIARY BODY.

AGENCIES UNDER THIS- ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, IMF

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL 

IT WAS ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION FOR 11 TRUST TERRITORIES AND TO PROMOTE THEIR ADVANCEMENT TOWARDS SELF GOVERNMENT OR INDEPENDENCE.

TRUST TERRITORY- A NON- SELF GOVERNING TERRITORY PLACED UNDER AN ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY OF THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL OF UN.

THE AIMS OF TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM- got fulfilled by 1994 and all trust territories attained self- government or independence either as separate stage or by joining neighboring independent countries.

Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1st November 1994.

 A Month after independence of PALAU(AUSTRALIA-Oceania) last remaining UN trust territory.

By a resolution adopted on 25th November 1994 - trusteeship Council amended its rules of procedure- dropped annual meeting meats and agreed to meet as occasion required.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL JUDICIAL ORGAN OF UN.

Official language of ICJ- ENGLISH AND FRENCH.

ICJ is the successor of the permanent court of international justice (PCIJ), which was established by the LEAGUE OF NATION IN 1920.

LOCATION- PEACE PALACE,HAGUE(NEITHERLAND)

COMPOSITION OF 15 JUDGES ELECTED FOR 9 YEARS BY THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL.

PRESIDENT- ABDULKARI YUSUF

FUCTIONS OF IJC-

TO SETTLE LEGAL DISPUTES SUBMITTED BY STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW

TO GIVE ADVISORY OPINION ON LEGAL QUESTIONS

INTERPRETATION OF TREATY

INDIAN JUDGES-

PRESIDENT- DR. NAGENDRA(1985-1988)

MEMBERS OF ICJ- DALVEER BHANDARI 2012- TILL DATE.

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF UN-

Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the united states.

The coordinating machinery of the UN Economic and social council at the intergovernmental level.

Each was integrated into UN system by the way of an agreement with the UN under charter article 57 and 63.

WHY DOES THE UNITED NATIONS HAVE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES?

1. TO TACKLE SERIOUS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

2. TO ERADICATE POVERTY

3. TO PROVIDE JUSTICE

4. TO PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS

5. TO CREATE AWARENESS

LETS KNOW ABOUT THESE AGENCIES-

1. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO)

2. UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME(UNDP)

3. UN HUMAN RIGHT COMMISSION(UNHRC)

4. UN EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)

5. UN INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)

6. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO).

7. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO)

8. CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCAD) 

9. UN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMME (UNDP)

10. UN OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR)

WHO-

World health organisation

Headquarter Geneva Switzerland

RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH

Head Dr. Tedros Adhanom (Ethopia.)

Formation- 7th April 1948, World health day

Functions of WHO-.

ALL COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVENTION AND CONTROL.

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANISATIONS

ERADICATION OF EPIDEMIC

FAMILY HEALTH

GENERAL INFORMATION AND HEALTH LITERATURE

HEALTH STATISTICS.

IN This covid pendamic also who played a great role. 

WTO

It is the successor of the "General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs(GATT)"

HQ- GENEVA, SWITZERLAND

MEMBERS- 164

HEAD-PASCAL LAMY, FRANCE

FOUNDED-01JAN1995

OBJECTIVES,*

THE MAIN MOTTO OF WTO IS TO SET UP THE RULES FOR GLOBAL TRADE AND EVALUATE THE TRADING POLICIES.

In WTO all decisions are taken unanimously but the major economic powers such as the US, EU, and Japan have monopolized the WTO mechanism to their interests.

Criticism-

Non transparent procedure

Generally dominated by developed countries

 

UNDP

Nov, 1965

New york

Promotes technical investment cooperation among nations...

Provides expert advice, training and grants to developing countries.

UNHRC

Formed in 1946(53 member states)

To promote and protect human rights around the world 

Hq Geneva/Switzerland

UNESCO

Established on 4th November 1946

HQ- Paris(France)

Objective- to promote education, natural science, society and anthropology, culture and communication.

Members-193

Director general- Audrey azoulay (France)

Objectives of UNESCO-

UNESCO- United nation educational, scientific and cultural organizations

To promote educational, science, culture, and communication.

Intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace.

UNESCO has always strived to refine and redefine education

Mahatma Gandhi institution of education for peace and sustainable development was setup for the same purpose in 2012 in Delhi.

This institute works to implement education for building up a peaceful and sustainable society.

A world heritage site is a place that is listed by UNESCO for its special cultural or physical significance.

India has 38 world heritage sites that include 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site.

AMITAB BACHHAN(2017)

MADAN JEET SINGH(2000)

LIST OF GOOD WILL AMBASSADORS OF UNESCO 

UNICEF(UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND)

HEAD- HENRITTA H FORE(US)

FORMATION- 1946

HQ- NEW YORK(US)

MEMER STATES-190 COUNTRIES.

UNICEF BELIEVES ALL CHILDREN HAVE A RIGHT TO SURVIVE, THRIVE AND FULFILL THEIR POTENTIAL TO THE BENEFIT OF A BETTER WORLD.

Objectives of UNICEF-

TO COLLECT EMERGENCY RELEF FUND IN RESPONSE TO DISASTERS

TO PROVIDE BASIC EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE WORLD.

TO INCREASE CHILD SURVIVAL RATE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD AND 

GENDER EQUALITY THROUGH EDUCATION

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM VIOLENCE AND ABUSE.

PROTECTING AND ADVOCATING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN.

IMMUNIZATION OF INFANTS FROM DIFFERENT DISEASES

PROVISIONS OF ADEQUATE NURITION AND SAFE DRINKING WATER.

ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT FLAGSHIP EDUCATION PROGRAMME, RASHTRIYA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN.

WORKING WITH THE MEENA MANCH IN STATES INCLUDING BIHAR, WEST BENGAL AND U.P

ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAHILA SAMAKHYA PROGRAMME(PROGRAMME OF THE GOVT OF INDIA) FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN.

UNICEF WAS AWARDED THE NOBEL PEACE PRICE ON 26TH OCT, 1965 FOR THE PROMOTION OF BROTHERHOOD AMONG THE NATIONS AND EMERGING ON THE WORLD STAGE AS A “ A PEACE FACTOR OF GREAT IMPORTANCE”. 

ILO- 

IT IS THE OLDEST SPECIALISED AGENCY OF THE UNITED NATIONS.

ESTABLISHED- 29, Oct 1919 established

HEAD QUARTER-  Geneva Switzerland

Head- Guy Ryder, Britain.

Members-187

Functions of ILO-

To promote efficient conditions of Social justice and Work for workers through international labour standards at global level

To create sectors safety, parity and self respectful conditions for workers at the work place.

The effective abolition to child labour.

The elimination of discriminations in respect of employment and occupation.

 

IAEA 

This agency was established in 29 JULY 1957 with the aim of implementing the proposals of US President Dwight Eisenhower's "ATOMS FOR PEACE"

Headquarter Vienna Austria

The main objectives of IAEA are to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to prevent its use for military purposes.

This agency regularly inspects nuclear facilities all over the world to ensure that civilian reactors are not being used for military purposes.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

It is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which was established with the aim of protecting human rights all over the world.

Amnesty international's main aim is to promote respect for all the human rights in the universal Declaration of human rights.

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

"Human Rights Watch" is also an international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights.

It is the largest international human rights organization set up in US.

ITS MAIN FUNCTIONS ARE-

TO DRAW THE GLOBAL MEDIA'S ATTENTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES.

TO BUILD INTERNATIONAL COALITIONS LIKE THE CAMPAIGNS TO END/ BAN LANDMINES.

TO STOP THE USE OF CHILD SOLDIERS.

LASTLY TO ESTABLISH THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.

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BASIC KINDS OF REFORMS SUGGESTED IN UN (Reforms in the organization structures and processes).

1. On the reform of structures and processes the biggest discussion has been on the functioning of the security council.

2. There has been the demand to increase in UN security Council permanent and non permanent membership so that the realities of the contemporary world politics are better reflected in The structures of the organisation.

3.In particular there are proposals to increase membership of Africa and South America.

Briefly discuss the changed international realities because of which the reforms of UN is demanded-

1. The Soviet Union had collapsed

2. The US is the strongest power

3. The relation between Russia, the successor of Soviet Union and US is much more cooperative

4. China is emerging as a great power and India is also growing rapidly.

5. Many new countries have joined UN. The whole new set of challenges confronted the world (civil war ethnic conflict, terrorism).

Criteria proposed for new permanent and non permanent members of UN-

✓ A major economic power.

✓ A major military power.

✓ A. substantial contributor to UN budget.

✓ A big nation in terms of its population

✓ A nation that respects democracy and human rights

✓ A country that would make the Council more representatives of world diversity in terms of Geography economics system and culture.

INDIA AND UN

Objection raised against India's wish to be a permanent member of UN

Some countries are concerned about India's nuclear weapon capabilities.

Other things that it's difficulty with Pakistan will make India in effective as a permanent member

Others feels that if India is included that other emerging powers will have to be accommodated such as Brazil Japan Germany perhaps even South Africa home they oppose.

There are those who feel that Africa and South America must be representatives for permanent membership since they are the only continent which do not have representation in present structure.

WORLD BANK

HQ WASHINGTON DC(USA)

1944

189 countries (IBRD)

173 COUNTRIES (IDA)

PRESIDENT- Jim Yong Kim.

Functions of bank-

WB aims of providing financial assistance to the developing countries.

Provide loans and grants to the member countries.

Provide loans to various governments for irrigation agriculture and rural development.

Promote foreign investments by guaranteeing the loans.

Provide economic and technical advice to member countries.

It works for human development, agriculture, rural development, environmental protection, infrastructure and governance.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND(IMF)

☆ ESTABLISHED  AS PART OF THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT  JN 1945.

IT CAME INTO EXISTENCE  ON 27,DECEMBER, 1945.

☆ HEADQUARTERS- WASHINGTON DC

☆ Members- 189 member countries(  where top 10 countries have 53% of votes and our G8 members (i.e USA, Japan Germany, France, UK, Italy, Canada and USSR).

☆ IMF is an international organisation that oversees this financial institutions and regulations that act in an international level. 

Director- Kristalina Georgieva, Bulgaria

Chief Economist- Gita Gopinath

Objectives of IMF-

IMF OVERSEES THE STABILITY OF THE WORLD'S MONETARY SYSTEM, WHICH THE WORLD BANK AIMS TO REDUCE POVERTY BY OFFERING ASSISTANCE TO MIDDLE INCOME AND LOW INCOME COUNTRIES.

TO MAINTAIN ITS MISSION, THE IMF MONITORS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY,  OFFERS MEMBERS POLICYMAKING TOOLS AND ANALYSIS AND ALSO PROVIDES LOANS TO MEMBER COUNTRIES.

THE WORLD BANK ACCOMPLISHES  ITS GOALS THROUGH TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT THAT ENABLES COUNTRIES TO IMPLEMENT SPECIFIC PROJEFTS, SUCH AS BUILDINGS HEALTH CENTERSOR MAKING CLEAN WATER AVAILABLE.