SOIL AND IT'S MAJOR CLASSIFICATION:CLASS 10 SST PART-2(R&D)

95% of our basic needs for food, shelter, and clothing are obtained from the land.

It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, economic activities, transport, and communication systems.

Thus, it is important to use vegetation, wildlife, economic activities, transport, and communication systems.

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LAND R͜͡E͜͡S͜͡O͜͡U͜͡R͜͡C͜͡E͜͡S͜͡ ARE U͜͡S͜͡E͜͡D͜͡ F͜͡O͜͡R͜͡ The F͜͡O͜͡L͜͡L͜͡O͜͡W͜͡I͜͡N͜͡G͜͡ PURPOSES**

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The use of land is determined by mainly 2 factors::

1.PHYSICAL FACTORS:(topography, climate, soil types.. )

2.HUMAN FACTORS:(population density, technological capabilities, culture, and tradition)

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🄻🄰🄽🄳 🄳🄴🄶🅁🄰🄳🄰🅃🄸🄾🄽***

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★ Soil is a living system.

★ It is the most important renewable natural resource.

★It is the medium of plant growth.

★It supports different types of vegetation.

-Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering.

-It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth.

-Various forces of nature such as a change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of the decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.

-parent Rock on bedrock, climate vegetation, and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

-chemical and organic changes that take place in the soil play an important role.

-Soil also consists of organic (humus)and inorganic materials.

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1...Ⓐ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓤ︎Ⓥ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓐ︎Ⓛ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎

✓ The Alluvial soil is spread over Northern plains. Rajasthan, Gujarat at eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi and Godavari and Krishna and Kaveri rivers.

✓ alluvial soil is made by deposited by three important Himalayan river systems that are the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.

✓the alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

✓alluvial soils are very fertile these oils contain an adequate proportion of potash phosphoric acid and lime.

✓which are ideal for the growth of sugar cane, paddy, wheat other cereal, and pulse crops.

✓Based on age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and New alluvial (Khadar).

Ⓑ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓐ︎Ⓒ︎Ⓚ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎

✓This soil is black in color (REGUR SOIL)

✓the soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as Black cotton soil.

✓this type of soil is found in the Deccan trap region( Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh and also extends in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys).

✓ made up of Lava flows.

✓They are made up of extremely fine clayey material; well known for their capacity to hold moisture.

✓Nutrients-- calcium carbonate, potash, magnesium, and lime.

✓the soil is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Ⓡ︎Ⓔ︎Ⓓ︎ Ⓐ︎Ⓝ︎Ⓓ︎ Ⓨ︎Ⓔ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓦ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓢ︎

✓this type of soil develops on crystalline ingenious rocks in areas of low rainfall.

✓these soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks, looks yellow when it occurs in the hydrated form.

✓found in parts of Odisha, Jharkhand Tamilnadu, Chhattisgarh, Southern parts of the middle Ganga plain, and Western Ghat.

✓Wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, potatoes, etc are cultivated.

Ⓛ︎Ⓐ︎Ⓣ︎Ⓔ︎Ⓡ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓣ︎Ⓔ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎

✓Devised from the Latin word "later" which means bricks.

✓Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried

✓Found in the areas of temper high temperature and high rainfall.

✓due to heavy rain lateritic soils are acidic pH smaller than 6.0 in nature and generally deficient in plant nutrients.

✓This type of soil is found mostly in the Southern States Western ghats region of Maharashtra Orissa some parts of West Bengal and not eastern reasons.

✓the soil supports deciduous and evergreen forest, it is humus poor. Rich in iron and Aluminium.

✓This soil is very useful for growing rice, ragu, sugar cane, and cashew nuts.

✓Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh, and Kerala, Karnataka, Odisha, Assam.

Ⓐ︎Ⓡ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓓ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎

✓arid soil's colour ranges from red to brown.

✓This soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

✓In some areas, the salt content is very high, and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.

✓ arid soils lack humus and moisture because of the dry climate, the high temperature makes evaporation faster.

✓The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by the kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.

✓The kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.

✓Found mainly in western Rajasthan, Haryana, and Northern Gujrat.

Ⓕ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓡ︎Ⓔ︎Ⓢ︎Ⓣ︎ Ⓢ︎Ⓞ︎Ⓘ︎Ⓛ︎Ⓢ︎

✓these soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.

✓the soil texture is gloomy and silty in valley sides and coarse-grained in the upper slopes

✓in the snow-covered areas of the Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.

✓this soil is fertile on the river terrace and alluvial fans.

Map

W͎H͎A͎T͎ I͎S͎ S͎O͎I͎L͎ E͎R͎O͎S͎I͎O͎N͎???

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.

Generally, there is a balance between the soil formation and soil erosion process, as both processes go hand in hand.

ᖇᗴᗩՏOᑎՏ ᗷᗴᕼIᑎᗪ ՏOIᒪ ᗴᖇOՏIOᑎ***

It caused mainly due to human activities like

1.deforestation

2. overgrazing

3.defective farming methods.

4..construction and mining, etc.

Also, there are some natural forces like

1.wind

2.glacier and

3. water, that leads to soil Erosion.

There are 2 types of soil erosion.

1. Gully Erosion--- the running water cuts through the clayey soils and forms deep channels called as gullies. This type of erosion is called gully erosion. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as badland.

2.. Sheet Erosion-- When water flows as a sheet over large areas under a slow and the topsoil is washed away it is known as sheet erosion.

the wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.

Different ways of soil conservation***

1. CONTOUR PLOUGHING

2. TERRACE FARMING.

3.STRIP CROPPING.

4.SHELTERBELTS.

1....Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flows of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.

²...Steps can be cut out on the slopes making the terrace. Terrace farming restricts soil erosion.

3...Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

4....Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works similarly. This helps in the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India. Rows of such trees are called shelterbelts.

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