Part A: Contemporary World Politics
Ch1. The End of Bipolarity
Define bipolarity (2015)
The Soviet economy was more developed than the rest of the world except for the US. Explain.
Explain any four issues of tension and conflict in the former Soviet republics.
Highlight any two factors responsible for the strong relations between India and Russia (12,10,18,2008)
Explain the meaning of garage sale in the context of shock therapy.(Set-2019,18,09)
Discuss the factors leading/responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and its impact on global politics.
Answer: The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was influenced by multiple factors:
Economic Stagnation: Centralized planning led to inefficiencies, resulting in poor economic performance and scarcity of consumer goods.
Political Reforms: Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (political openness) inadvertently weakened central control.
Nationalist Movements: Various republics sought independence, fueled by ethnic and nationalistic sentiments.
External Pressures: The arms race with the U.S. strained the Soviet economy, making it unsustainable.
The collapse led to a unipolar world dominated by the United States, the emergence of new independent states, and a shift towards market economies in Eastern Europe.
2. Alternative Centres of Power
What are the components of Asian vision 2020 (2019)?
Highlight any two problems faced by the European countries after the second world war (2022).
Explain any two causes which select to the formation of ASEAN (2023)
What makes EU highly influential regional organisation (2020 2015)?
Peace and prosperity of countries lane establishing and strengthening of regional economic organisations justify.
What are the main principles and limitations of bricks.
Examine the rise of the European Union and China as alternative centers of power in the global arena.
European Union (EU): The EU's integration has created a significant economic bloc with considerable political influence, promoting regional stability and a collective foreign policy.
China: Rapid economic growth has positioned China as a global manufacturing hub and a major player in international trade, challenging existing power structures.
Both entities provide alternatives to U.S. dominance, advocating for multipolarity in international relations.
China followed it's own part in introducing a market economy justify the statement
or
explain any four states taken by China to develop its economy.
4. Contemporary South Asia
Why could democracy not take routes in Pakistan despite the fat that both the countries India and Pakistan share a common past?(2018,19,15)
OR
What factors have contributed to failure of democracy in Pakistan?
What is the conflict between India and Sri Lanka relations explain the first taken by both the countries towards maintaining peace and cooperation in the region?
South Asia stands for diversity in every sense and yet constitution do you agree with the statement give two reasons for your answer
How far it is justify to say that foreign policy of independent India vigorously pursuit the dream of a peaceful world.
Evaluate the political and economic challenges faced by South Asian countries in the post-Cold War era.
South Asian nations confront several challenges:
Political Instability: Frequent changes in governments, ethnic conflicts, and insurgencies affect governance.
Economic Development: Poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment persist, despite economic reforms.
Inter-state Relations: Historical disputes, such as the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir, hinder regional cooperation.
Terrorism: The region has been a hotspot for terrorist activities, impacting security and development.
Addressing these requires strengthening democratic institutions, economic collaboration, and conflict resolution mechanisms.
5. International Organizations
Assess the role of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security.
OR
Outline the evolution of un since its establishment in 1945 describe its functioning with structures and agencies.
Answer: The United Nations (UN) plays a pivotal role through:
Peacekeeping Operations: Deploying forces to stabilize regions post-conflict.
Mediation: Facilitating dialogue between conflicting parties.
Sanctions: Imposing measures to deter aggressive actions.
However, challenges like veto power in the Security Council and limited enforcement capabilities can impede its effectiveness.
Explain any four reasons which make India's claims stronger for a permanent membership the security council?
OR
As a citizen of India how would you support India's candidature for permanent membership of the security council justify your proposal.
All the UN has failed to act as an effective check on the hegemony of us Nations prefer its continuation suggest any three suitable arguments to justify the relevance of UN in the post cold war era.
6. Security in the Contemporary World
What do you mean by the non traditional lotion and traditional lotion of security?
What do you mean by global poverty what are the ways which can help in reducing disparity between the poor and rich at the global level?
Discuss the concept of human security and how it differs from traditional notions of security.
Human security emphasizes protecting individuals' well-being, focusing on economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. Traditional security centers on state sovereignty and territorial integrity. The shift acknowledges that threats like poverty, disease, and environmental degradation can destabilize societies as much as military conflicts.
7. Environment and Natural Resources
Describe India stand on global environmental issue.
What is jio politics analyse the effect of oil on jio politics and the global economy.
Analyze the global environmental concerns and the role of international agreements in addressing these issues.
Answer: Key environmental concerns include climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement aim to mitigate these by setting emission reduction targets and promoting sustainable practices. Success depends on global cooperation and adherence to commitments.
8. Globalization
How have globalization in India impacted each other support your answer with any three suitable arguments for each.
Economic globalization is recognisation of the world substantiate the statement.4.m
Question: Critically examine the economic, cultural, and political dimensions of globalization and its impact on sovereignty.
Answer: Globalization encompasses:
Economic: Increased trade and investment flows.
Cultural: Spread of ideas, values, and lifestyles.
Political: Enhanced intergovernmental cooperation
Part B: Politics in India Since Independence
1. Challenges of Nation-Building
Discuss the linguistic reorganization of states and its impact on national integration.
This three stamps were issued in 1950 to mark the first republic Day on 26th Jan 1915 what do the images on the stamps tell you about the challenging of the new republic?
Mention any two considerations that were guided by governments approach in the context to princely states.
What were the Indian leaders reluctant in accepting the principle of linguistic reorganisation of states of Indian union just after independence? what was the main demand of Vishal Andhra movement?
What was the task of the state reorganisation commission what was its most silent recommendations?
Question: Discuss the major challenges India faced after independence and how they were addressed.
Answer: After independence in 1947, India faced several nation-building challenges:
1. Partition and Refugee Crisis:
The partition led to mass migration and communal violence.
The government set up refugee camps and provided rehabilitation.
2. Integration of Princely States:
Around 565 princely states had to be integrated into India.
Sardar Patel used diplomacy and, in some cases, force to unify them.
3. Linguistic Reorganization of States:
The demand for states based on language led to the States Reorganization Act (1956), creating linguistic states like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
4. Democratic Constitution Implementation:
The new constitution ensured democracy, fundamental rights, and secularism.
5. Economic Development:
India adopted planned economic development through Five-Year Plans to build infrastructure, industry, and agriculture.
These efforts helped in stabilizing India and maintaining unity in diversity.
2. Era of One-Party Dominance
Why original election got suspended twice or got delayed?
OR
Why conducting first free and fair election in India was not an easy task.
How collision like character of the Congress party give it and unusual strength?
Analyze the factors that led to the dominance of the Congress party in the early years of India's independence.
Answer: The Congress Party remained dominant from 1947 to the late 1960s due to:
1. Legacy of Freedom Struggle:
Congress played a key role in India's independence, gaining public trust.
2. Strong Leadership:
Leaders like Nehru provided vision and stability.
3. Inclusive Ideology:
Congress accommodated diverse interests—workers, farmers, industrialists, and different communities.
4. Weak Opposition:
Other parties lacked national appeal and were fragmented.
5. Electoral System & Mass Support:
Congress had a strong grassroots network, securing victories in elections.
Impact:
Positive: Stability, economic planning, and democratic consolidation.
Negative: Lack of strong opposition led to political complacency.
The dominance declined in the late 1960s due to economic issues, regional movements, and emerging opposition parties.
3. Politics of Planned Development
What was the major areas of focus of the first 5 year plan how was the second plan different from the first plan?
Evaluate the successes and failures of India's Five-Year Plans in achieving economic development.
Answer: India's economic policy was based on state-led planned development through Five-Year Plans:
1. Objectives of Planning:
Achieve economic self-reliance.
Reduce poverty and unemployment.
Develop infrastructure and industries.
2. Major Developments:
First Five-Year Plan (1951-56): Focus on agriculture, irrigation, and rural development.
Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61): Industrialization strategy under Mahalanobis model.
Green Revolution (1960s): Increased agricultural productivity but led to regional imbalances.
3. Impact:
Positive: Infrastructure development, self-sufficiency in food grains.
Negative: Unequal growth, slow industrialization, and economic crises in the 1960s.
Despite challenges, planning helped lay the foundation for India's economic growth.
4. India’s External Relations
Why did India not signed npt or by India consider npt as discriminately and refused to sign it
The conduct of foreign affairs is an outcome of a two way interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international climate take one example from India external relation in 1960 to substantiate state your answer.
Examine the evolution of India's foreign policy, focusing on its non-alignment stance during the Cold War.
India's foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation but India fought she was in a space of 10 years between 1962 and 1971 would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy or would you say that this was the result of international situation give reasons to support your answer.
Question: Explain the main features of India's foreign policy after independence, focusing on non-alignment.
Answer: India's foreign policy was guided by non-alignment and peaceful coexistence.
1. Non-Alignment Policy:
India refused to join either the US-led capitalist bloc or the USSR-led communist bloc during the Cold War.
It promoted peace, sovereignty, and independent decision-making
2. Panchsheel Agreement (1954):
Five principles of peaceful coexistence signed with China.
3. Relations with Major Powers:
USA: Tense relations initially, but improved post-1991.
USSR: Strong ties in defense, trade, and technology.
4. Regional Relations:
Pakistan: Conflict over Kashmir led to wars (1947, 1965, 1971).
China: 1962 border war strained relations.
South Asia: Promoted regional cooperation (SAARC).
5. Impact:
India played a leadership role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) but faced challenges in maintaining neutrality.
5. Challenges to the Congress System
Discuss the emergence of opposition parties and the decline of the Congress system in the late 1960s and 1970s.
Exam in the challenges of political succession after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru.
OR
What is referred to as sign of maturity of Indian democracy explain the circumstances that led to it since Nehru's death.
Describe any 6 events of the year 1967 which made it a landmark year in India's political and electoral history.
Explain the second phase of Indian politics towards a multi party coalition system with reference to general election of 1967.
Explain any three me now comes of Lok Sabha election of 1977.
Question: What were the reasons for the decline of Congress dominance in Indian politics?
Answer: The decline of Congress started in the late 1960s due to:
1. Internal Conflicts:
Split within the party in 1969 (Congress (O) vs. Congress (I) under Indira Gandhi).
2. Economic Challenges:
Inflation, food shortages, and unemployment weakened public support.
3. Emergence of Regional Parties:
Parties like DMK, Akali Dal, and Socialist Party gained influence.
4. Rise of Opposition:
1977 elections: The Janata Party defeated Congress for the first time.
5. Emergency Period (1975-77):
Indira Gandhi’s declaration of Emergency led to suppression of rights, which angered people and led to her defeat in 1977.
The fall of Congress dominance paved the way for coalition governments in later years.
6. Crisis of the Democratic Order
What is in your opinion was the main reason behind the resolution of Janta party in 1980?
Analyse any three lessons that will learn from the emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975
Analyze the causes and consequences of the Emergency imposed in India during 1975-77.
OR
Why is emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics analyse any three reasons
Answer: Causes of Emergency (1975-77):
1. Political Instability:
Growing opposition and protests against Indira Gandhi.
2. Allahabad High Court Verdict (1975):
Declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid, leading to her fear of losing power.
3. Economic Issues:
Inflation, unemployment, and protests (e.g., JP Movement).
Consequences:
Suspension of Civil Liberties: Fundamental rights were curtailed.
Censorship: Media was strictly controlled.
Political Arrests: Opposition leaders were jailed.
Economic Reforms: Some welfare policies were implemented, like family planning and rural development.
The Emergency ended in 1977, and the Janata Party won the elections, restoring democracy.
Examine the dramatic changes that took place in the party system in India during 1969 to 1977.
8. Regional Aspirations
Discuss the various regional movements in India and their impact on the federal structure.
What were the reasons for the rise of political violence in the North eastern part of India?
Dasha movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of the movement against outsiders support the statement with suitable arguments.
Analyse chogyal's role at the time of sikkim's merger with India as its 22nd state.
The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic States where also seen as more dramatic justify the statement with any three suitable arguments (2016)
Which three lessons do we learn from regional aspirations and their accommodation as an integral part of democratic politics ?describe.
Describe the successionist movement of measles how as per provisions of the constitution was it resolved on accommodation of diversities?
Throw some light on the internal dimensions of the problem of Jammu and Kashmir (2016,2019)
OR
Explain the internal time divisions of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and describe how this lead to multiple regional aspirations in that state.
OR
Jammu and Kashmir is one of the living example of the plural society and politics justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.
Examine the main provisions of the Rajiv Gandhi longowal record of e 1985 how far was they got successful in bringing back normalcy in Punjab(2018).
OR
What were the main provisions of the Punjab record in what way we can see they the basis of further tensions between Punjab and its neighbouring States.
Question: Discuss the role of regional movements in shaping Indian politics.
Answer: Regional movements emerged due to cultural, economic, and political aspirations:
1. Punjab (Khalistan Movement):
Demand for a separate Sikh state led to Operation Blue Star (1984).
2. North-East Movements:
Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram witnessed autonomy demands.
Assam Accord (1985) addressed immigration issues.
3. Tamil Nadu (Dravidian Movement):
Demanded linguistic and regional autonomy, influencing state politics.
Impact:
Strengthened federalism in India.
Led to the creation of new states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand.
9. Recent Developments in Indian Politics
Analyze the major political developments in India since the 1990s, including coalition politics and economic reforms.
Describe briefly the growing consensus in recent years in Indian politics( CBSE 2021 2017)
Many people think that a two particle system is required for successful democracy drawing your India's experience of last 20 years write an essay on the advantages and present party system in India has.
Assess the impact of coalition government on the politics of India (2020).
Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in forced emergency politics.
Describe the major developments that have taken place in Indian politics during the NDA 3 - NDA 4
IN SPITE OF DECLINE OF CONGRESS DOMINANCE THE CONGRESS PARTY CONTINUES TO INFLUENCE POLITICS IN THE COUNTRY DO YOU AGREE GIVE REASON
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