Agriculture- class10 Geography cbse ncert notes

INTRODUCTION-

✓ India is an agrarian country. In India about 2/3rd population depend on agriculture.

✓ Agriculture or kheti is one of the primary activity. 

✓ It is is considered as the backbone of Indian economy because it provides employment and livelihood to 63% of population according to 2001 census.

✓ We are getting food because someone is doing agriculture and producing food grains for us.

✓ Our climate and soil fertility has favored agriculture.

✓ Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.

Topics we will cover in this chapters are-

* TYPES OF FARMING

* CROPPING PATTERN

* MAJOR CROPS

* FOOD GRAINS AND OTHER CROPS

* NON FOOD CROPS

* FIBRE CROPS

* TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

* INITIATIVE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT

* PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIAN FARMERS

* IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE

* BENEFITS OF CHANGING CROPPING PATTERN IN INDIA

* FOOD CROPS IN INDIA

* NON FOOD CROPS

*MAP

TYPES OF FARMING---

Cultivation methods in India have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-cultural practices.

A)  PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING

  B) INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING-

* COMMERCIAL FARMING-

PLANTATION-

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CROPPING PATTERN-

1. RABI CROP

✓ Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.

✓ The crop requires less temperature and less rainfall.

✓ It is mainly grown in the north and north western part of the country.

✓ Example-Wheat, barley, peas, mustard etc.

2. KHARIF CROP

✓ Grown with the onset of monsoon. 

✓ Sown in the month of June and harvested in the month of September –October.

✓ It requires high temperature and high rainfall for its growth.

✓ Main crops are Rice, jowar, bajra, jute etc.

✓ It is grown all over the country during the summer season.

✓ In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.

3. ZAID CROP

✓ It is cultivated in-between rabi and kharif crop.

✓ It is a short season crop which requires less water.

✓ Important crops grown in this season are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crop.

RICE-

* Rice is the staple food of Indians.

* It is kharif crop and requires a temperature of 25°C. 

* Rainfall of 100 centimeters.

* In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

* It is largely grown in the north and north eastern states, coastal areas, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Grown all over the country.

 WHEAT

* Wheat requires a temperature between 15°C to 25°C.

* This rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

* It requires 50cm to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.

* The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

 MILLETS

JOWAR

* It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas.

* Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

   BAJRA

* Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. 

* Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,Gujarat and Haryana.

RAGI

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* Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.

* Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by TamilNadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

MAIZE

* Maize requires a temperature between 21°C to 27°C.

* It is kharif crop and grows well in old alluvial soil.

* It is used both as food and fodder (animal food)

* Now it grown with modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation.

* Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

PULSES

* Pulses are the major source of protein.

* Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.

* Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.

* Being leguminous crop, it helps in nitrogen fixation in soil.

* Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

SUGARCANE

* It grows well in hot and humid climate 

* Temperature of 21°C to 27°C 
* Rainfall between 75cm to 100 cm.

* Large number of manual labour is required from sowing to harvesting.

* The major sugarcane- producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. Up is the leading producer.

OILSEEDS-
* Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.

* Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums.

* India is the largest producer of oilseed. Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.

* Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India. Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

* Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

HORTICULTURE CROPS- 

* Horticulture is the art of growing fruits and vegetables.

* India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.

* Mangoes in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Oranges of Nagpur and Meghalaya.

* Bananas from Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are world famous.

* Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Pineapples of Meghalaya.

* Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over.

* India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.

 

NON FOOD CROPS-

RUBBER
✓ it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

✓ It requires temperature above 25°C.

✓ Rainfall of more than 200 cm.

✓ It requires moist and humid climate.

✓ It is mainly grown in Kerala, TamilNadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

✓ Major part is consumed by the tyre industries.

FIBRE CROP- Cotton and Jute

COTTON

* It requires a temperature of 25°C. Light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine is suitable for its growth. 

* It grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 

* It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

JUTE

Jute appears golden in colour, so it also known as golden fibre.

It requires high temperature for its growth.

Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.

The main producing areas are the flood plains of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya.

It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets etc.

CHALLENGES FOR AGRICULTURE

✓Continuous agriculture without break has reduced the soil fertility.
 

✓ Landholding of the farmers are small.

✓ Still many farmers depend on natural fertility of soil and monsoon  rainfall.

✓ Follow old traditional method of farming.

TECHNOLOGICAL REFORMS
* Thus, collectivisation programme encouraged the farmers to do collective farming.

*Consolidation of holdings was done to prevent further fragmentation of   land.

 * abolition of zamindari system.

* Provided HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and water for irrigation.

* Machines  and agricultural equipments were made available.

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
✓ Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, 

✓Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers.

✓ Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
 Minimum support price.

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT-

Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy.

Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent.

There is a decline share of agriculture in GDP which is a annoying thing.

EFFORTS TO MODERNISE AGRICULTURE-.
✓ Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),

✓agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development were initiated.

✓ Research and  development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.

✓ Steps were taken for improving the rural infrastructure.

FOOD SECURITY
* In order to ensure availability of food to all sections of society our government carefully designed a national food security system.

 * It consists of two components-

  (a)PDS

  (b)buffer stock 

(a) Public distribution system -PDS is a programme which provides food grains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.

(b) buffer stock- Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking food grains, whereas distribution is ensured by public distribution system.

HOW FOOD SECURITY LED TO PROBLEMS?

The government used to provide subsidies on agriculture inputs such as fertilizers, power and water.

Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers and water has led to waterlogging, salinity and depletion of essential micronutrients in the soil.

There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil-seeds and industrial crops.

The competition for land between non-agricultural uses such as housing etc. and agriculture has resulted in reduction in the net sown area.

Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation.

Inefficient water management has led to water logging and salinity with reduction of ground water.

IMPACTOF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE-

✓ Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

✓ To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers.

✓ Green revolution is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.

✓ organic farming which is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides can be encouraged.

✓ The decreasing size of the land holding due to inheritance has led to low productivity  of food grains.

∆ FOOD CROPS OF INDIA::

NON FOOD CROPS::

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@WORDS TO REMEMBER

1. SERICULTURE: rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

2. Slash and burn agriculture-

SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE IS THE OTHER NAME FOR SHIFTING AGRICULTURE . IT IS THE MOST PRIMITIVE FARMING TYPE PRACTICED BY THE TRIBAL PEOPLE LIVING IN TROPICAL REGIONS.

3. The main aim of Bhoodan- its main aim was to give land to the landless villagers.

4. Kissan Credit cards(KCC) and personal accident insurance schemes(PAIS) are the two schemes introduced by the government to benefit farmers.