FEDERALISM CHAPTER-2, CLASS 10 CBSE NOTES

From the previous chapter, we realized that--

✓✓The concentration of power on a single person or a government can threaten the Democracy of the nation.

✓✓ Therefore, power-sharing is needed for the survival of democracy and also the smooth functioning of the institutions. 

★ In India, there is power-sharing with three tires of governments that work together to ensure the welfare of the people......

W͜͡H͜͡A͜͡T͜͡   I͜͡S͜͡  F͜͡E͜͡D͜͡E͜͡R͜͡A͜͡L͜͡I͜͡S͜͡M͜͡ 

• Federalism word has been derived from the Latin word foetus which means a compact or an agreement.

* It is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

•In a modern democracy, it is a major form of power-sharing.

•Both these levels of government enjoy their power independent of the other.

√√ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITARY SYSTEM AND FEDERAL SYSTEM ??

Some of the key features of federalism system are--

1. There are two or more levels of government

2. Each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation, and administration.

3. The existence and authority of each tier of government are constitutionally guaranteed.

4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by 1 level of government. Such change requires the consent of both the level of government.

5. Judiciary works independently. If any disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers then the judiciary deals without getting biased.

6. sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

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The federal system has dual objectives that are-

* To protect and promote the unity of the country   

* to accommodate the regional diversity.

Two important aspects of an ideal federalism**

1...mutual trust between the government of different levels, and

2.. agreement to live together.

There are two types through which federalism can be formed--

What makes India a federal country?

✓According to the constitution, India is a country of the "Union of States".

✓Initially, a two-tier government system was practiced in India( central & state government).

✓Later, 3tier of federalism was established in the form of municipalities and panchayats.

✓ The legislative powers are divided into 3 parts(or list)

✓ All states of India do not enjoy equal powers. Eg- union territories.

✓ Changes in power-sharing have to be passed by a 2/3rd majority in the parliament.

✓If any disputes arise regarding the division of power, the judiciary(supreme court) will take the decision.

Concurrent list-  If any conflict arises with each other, then laws made by the union government will be considered.

Residuary powers- Are those subjects which do not fall under these three lists. Union government alone has the power to make laws. Eg- computer software.

H͜͡O͜͡W͜͡ I͜͡S͜͡ F͜͡E͜͡D͜͡E͜͡R͜͡A͜͡L͜͡I͜͡S͜͡M͜͡ P͜͡R͜͡A͜͡C͜͡T͜͡I͜͡S͜͡E͜͡D͜͡ I͜͡N͜͡ I͜͡N͜͡D͜͡I͜͡A͜͡?

The real success of federalism in India is attributed to the nature of democratic politics. So let's have a look on what are the major ways through which federalism is practiced in India.

1..lINGUISTIC STATES**

the creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in India.

• from 1947 to 2017 many old States have vanished and many new States have been created. 

•Areas, boundaries, and names of the states have been changed.

•States were created based on culture, ethnicity and geography have made the country united and administration made easy.

2..LANGUAGE POLICY**

2nd test for India's federation is the language policy. 

Hindi was identified as the official language; besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognized as scheduled languages by the constitution. 

3..CENTRE-STATS RELATION **

Restructuring the central-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened. 

» if no single party gets a clear majority in the Lok sabha the major national parties can make alliances with many other parties including several regional parties to form a government at the center.

» This lead to a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of state government.

WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT THE REAL SUCCESS OF FEDERALISM IN INDIA ??

1. Nature of democratic politics.

2. Respect for democratic politics.

3. The desire for living together.

WHAT UNDERMINES THE SPIRIT OF FEDERALISM-?

✓Centre misusing the concentration to dismiss the state government that was controlled by rival parties.

✓Coalition government leads to a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of state government.

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BASIC IDEA BEHIND DECENTRALISATION-

♣ Solving a large number of problems and issues at the local level.

♣ People have better knowledge of problems in localities.

♣Better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things efficiently.

♣ People's participation in decision-making.

A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. the constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. Hence, three features of three-tier democracy---- 

1..it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections to local government bodies. 

2. Seats are reserved for scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, and other backward classes.

3. At least 1/3ʳᵈ seats are reserved for women.

Letsflytogether2021.blogspot.com-panchat raj 

4. state election commission has been created in each state to conduct Panchayat and municipality elections.

5. the state governments are required to share some powers and revenues with local government bodies.

🄽🄰🅃🅄🅁🄴 🄾🄵 🅂🄷🄰🅁🄸🄽🄶 Power and responsibilities 🅅🄰🅁🄸🄴🅂 🅂🅃🄰🅃🄴 🅃🄾 🅂🅃🄰🅃🄴

DIFFICULTIES FACED BY LOCAL GOVERNMENT-

* Elections to gram sabha are not held regularly. 

* Most of the state governments are not transferring powers and resources.  

Words to remember-

1. Jurisdiction-

The area over which someone has legal authority. the area may be defined in terms of geographical boundaries or in terms of certain kinds of subjects.

If anything you don't understand then you can connect with me by commenting in the comment box...