DEVELOPMENT CLASS 10 NCERT EXERCISE

   

NCERT EXERCISE:-

Question no1.

Development of a country can generally be determined by-  All of the above (iv) 

Question no 2.

Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?   Sri Lanka (ii)

Question no 3.

Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is rupees 5000. If the income of three families is ₹4000, ₹7000, and ₹3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?  

4000+7000+3000+x)÷4=5000

14000+x=5000×4

X=20000-14000=6000(ans)

Question no 4.

What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Per capita income is the main criteria used by the World Bank to classify different countries.

According to the world development report, countries with a per capita income of US $ 12236 per annum or more are termed as rich or developed, or high-income countries. On the other hand countries with a per capita income of US$1005 or less are classified as poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries. The indicator of development that is per capita income as used by the World bank suffers from many limitations which are as follows-

1. National income is estimated in the domestic currency of each country, this estimate is converted into dollars at the current rate of exchange; such a conversion does not tell us anything about the purchasing power of each currency.

2. per capita income is affected by the size of the population of a country. If a country has a large population its per capita income will be low despite having a large national income. Similarly, a country having a smaller population will have a higher per capita income even if it does not have a large national income.

3. It does not tell us anything about the distribution of income within the country.

4. Other important factors, including literacy rate, infant mortality rate, health care, are ignored while classifying the countries.

Question no 5. 

In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways-

●UNDP compares the development of the countries based on literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio, and health status of their people. On the other hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries based on per capita income.

●UNDP ranks the countries as first, second, third, and so on; but the World bank categorizes the countries as rich or developed or high-income countries, middle-income countries or developing countries, and poor countries.

●UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World bank has a narrow concept of development.

Question no 6.

Why do we use averages? Are any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your examples related to development.

We use averages for comparison across different countries.

The main limitation of using averages is that it calculates only the mean availability and hides the disparities in the process. The following example can best tell us about the above-mentioned fact-

Consider two countries A and B each having 5 citizens

Countries 1.......2.....3.........4......5.....................average

A             3000 4000 3500 4500 5000 4000

B.            2000-3000 1500 50ooo 1000 11500

we observed that country A has few disparities in terms of income on the other hand country B shows great disparities in income among its citizens. The average income of a country A is 4000 which means that every citizen answers more or less ₹4000.

In-country A the income is distributed equitably. On the other hand country B shows that every citizen earns more or less ₹11500 which is not true. 4 people in country B earn ₹2000, ₹3000, ₹1500, ₹1000 respectively. Only one citizen earns ₹50000.

Country B shows that majority of its population is poor and few are rich. So average criteria do not produce a clear picture of the development status of a country.

Questions no 7. 

Kerala with a lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence per capita income is not a useful criterion at the at all and should not be used to compare States. Do you agree to discuss

Kerala has better HDR because it has more investment in human resources than Haryana.

 Hence per capita income should not be used to compare states it is true that per capita income is not the only criterion behind human development. Factors like infant mortality rate literacy rate and net attendance ratio are also very crucial for overall human development.

Kerala is better than Haryana because it has the adequate provision of basic health and education facilities however if we are interested only in comparing two or more states in terms of production and income generated then per capita income is an important criterion.

Question no 8...

find out the present source of energy that is used by the people in India. What could be the post other possibilities 50 years from now?

The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil, and natural gases. 

The other possibilities 50 years from now can be using solar energy and wind and wind energy as a source for various energy forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in the loss of these resources for the future generation.

Question no 9... 

why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Sustainability is an important factor for the development of a country. sustainable development means attending to today's needs without compromising the needs of the future generation.

The issue of sustainability is important because if the natural resources are not used carefully, they may or may not be available for future generations. The depleting resources of a country may ultimately result in the lack of development of the country.

Question no 10...

"The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. " how this is a statement relevant to the discussion of development? discuss.

 Human wants and aspirations are unlimited but the resources required to satisfy these wants are limited in supply. Our earth has provided us enough resources. But nowadays human beings have become so greedy that for their progress and development they readily succumb to the activities such as deforestation extraction of excess underground water etc.

If these available resources are utilized irrationally they will end up soon get degraded or become less productive and insufficient inefficient.

if human beings keep a check on their controlled manners our earth has enough resources to meet their needs but certainly not enough to satisfy their greed.

Question no 11... 

list of few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

The following are a few examples of environmental degradation 

■ deforestation

 ■depleting levels of groundwater

■ soil erosion 

■water pollution 

■burning of fossil fuels

 ■ozone depletion

 ■air pollution 

■forest cutting and

 ■noise pollution.

the increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming and depletion of glaciers and atmospheric conditions.

Question no 12.

for each of the items given in table 1.6 find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom as per table 1.6

★ In terms of Gross National Income in USD

    Country at the top- Srilanka(10,789)

    Country at the bottom- Nepal(2377)

★In terms of life expectancy at birth

     Country at top- Srilanka(75)

      Country at the bottom- Myanmar(66.1)

★In terms of Means Years of schooling of people ager 25 and above

       Country at top-Srilanka(10.9)

        Country at the bottom- Nepal(4.1)

★In terms of HDI rank in the world (2016)

          Country at top- Srilanka (73)

           Country at the bottom-  Pakistan(147)

   

Question no 13. 

The following table shows the proportion of adults aged 15 to 49 years is BMI is below normal BMI greater than 18.5 kg per meter square in India. It is based on a survey of various States for the year 15 2015-16 look at the table and answers the following questions. 

1.Compare the nutrition level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

 Kerala 8.5% males and 10% females are under undernourished whereas in Madhya Pradesh 28% males and 28% females are undernourished.

2. Can you guess why around 150 people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? describe in your own words.

Around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the following reasons-

●The disparity in the distribution of food grains by the public distribution system

●Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.

● Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food

● There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price stores.